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HomeMy WebLinkAboutOrdinance-2002-1253 CITY OF WHEAT RIDGE, COLORADO INTRODUCED BY COUNCIL MEMBER EDWARDS Council Bill No. 18-2002 Ordinance No. 1253 Series of 2002 TITLE. AN ORDINANCE AMENDING CHAPTER 21 OF THE CODE OF LAWS OF THE CITY OF WHEAT RIDGE, COLORADO, BY THE ADDITION OF A NEW ARTICLE V CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF NEWSRACKS. WHEREAS, the City of Wheat Ridge, Colorado (the "City"), is a political subdivision of the State of Colorado organized and existing as a home rule municipality pursuant to Article XX of the Colorado Constitution and the home rule charter for the City (the" Charter"); and WHEREAS, pursuant to section 1 3 of the Charter, the City has all the power of local self-government and home rule and all the power possible for a municipality to have under the Constitution of the State of Colorado; and WHEREAS, pursuant to this home rule authority the City has the power to regulate the use of public rights-of-way; and WHEREAS, the City Council finds and determines that the uncontrolled placement and maintenance of newsracks in the public rights-of-way presents an inconvenience and danger to the safety and welfare of persons using such rights- of-way, including pedestrians, persons in vehicles, and persons performing essential utility, traffic control and emergency services, and WHEREAS, the City Council further finds and determines that newsracks so located as to cause inconvenience or danger to users of the rights-of-way and unsightly newsracks within the rights-of-way constitute public nuisances; and WHEREAS, it is within the City's power and responsibility to protect children and unconsenting adults in and on the public streets, sidewalks, transportation facilities and other public rights-of-way from viewing public displays of offensive sexual material; and WHEREAS, the City Council recognizes and affirms that the distribution of newspapers in newsracks is free speech protected by the First Amendment and that the competing interests of the City and of the newspapers require a reasonable accommodation which can only be satisfactorily achieved through the means of this ordinance which is designed to accommodate such interests by regulating the time, place and manner of newsrack use; and CNB\53027\406242.05 WHEREAS, the City Council desires to enact regulations concerning the placement, operation and maintenance of newsracks within public rights-of-way within the City in furtherance of these goals. BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF WHEAT RIDGE, COLORADO: Section 1, Chapter 21 of the Code of Laws of the City of Wheat Ridge is hereby amended by the addition of a new Article V, to read in its entirety as follows: ARTICLE V, NEWSRACKS 21-152 - 21-159, Reserved 21 -1 60. I ntent and Purpose 21-161 , Definitions 21-162. Unlawful Acts 21-163. Permit Required 21-164. Application for Permit 21-165 Conditions for Permit 21-166. Term of Permit 21-167, Hold Harmless 21-168. Newsrack Identification Required 21-169. Location, Placement and Number of Newsracks 21-170. Standards for Maintenance and Installation 21-171 . Display of Certain Matter Prohibited 21-172. Violations; Penalty 21-173. Appeals 21-174. Abandonment 21-175. Compliance Period 21-176 - 21-180. Reserved Sees. 21-152 - 21-159. Reserved. Sec. 21-160. Intent and Purpose. The City Council of the City of Wheat Ridge finds and declares that: (a) Findings. (1) The uncontrolled placement and maintenance of news racks in public rights-of-way presents an inconvenience and danger to the safety and welfare of persons using such rights-of-way; including pedestrians, persons entering and leaving vehicles and buildings, and CNB\53027\406242.05 2 persons performing essential utility, traffic control and emergency services. (2) Newsracks so located as to cause an inconvenience or danger to persons usmg public rights-of-way, and unsightly newsracks located therein, constitute public nuisances. (3) It is a matter of public necessity that the City of Wheat Ridge protect children and unconsenting adults in and on its public streets, sidewalks, transportation facilities and other public rights-of-way from viewing public displays of offensive sexual material. Such displays are thrust indiscriminately upon unwilling audiences of adults and children and constitute assaults upon individual privacy. (4) These factors constitute an unreasonable interference with and obstruction of the use of public rights-of-way, constitute an unwarranted invasion of individual privacy, are injurious to health, offensive to the senses, and constitute such an obstruction of the free use of property as to interfere in the comfortable enjoyment of life and property by the entire community. (5) The Council recognizes, however, that the use of such rights-of- way is so historically associated with the sale and distribution of newspapers and publications that access to those areas for such purposes should not be absolutely denied. The Council further finds that these strong and competing interests require a reasonable accommodation which can only be satisfactorily achieved through the means of this Chapter which is designed to accommodate such interests regulating the time, place and manner of using such newsracks. (b) Purpose The prOVISions and prohibitions hereinafter contained and enacted are in pursuance of and for the purpose of securing and promoting the public health, morals, and general welfare of persons in the City of Wheat Ridge in their use of public rights-of-way through the regulation of placement, appearance, number, size, and servicing of newsracks on the public rights-of-way so as to: (1) Provide for pedestrian and driving safety and convenience; (2) Ensure no unreasonable interference with the flow of pedestrian or vehicular traffic, including ingress to, or egress from, any place of business or from the street to the sidewalk; (3) Provide reasonable access for the use and maintenance of sidewalks, poles, posts, traffic signs and signals, hydrants, mailboxes, CNB\53027\406242.05 3 and similar appurtenances, and access to locations used for public transportation purposes; (4) Reduce visual blight on the public rights-of-way, protect the aesthetics and value of surrounding properties, and protect the quiet of residential areas; (5) Reduce exposure of the city to personal injury or property damage claims and litigation; and (6) Protect the right to distribute information protected by the United States and Colorado Constitutions through use of newsracks. (c) Preservation of Constitutional Rights. It is not the intent of this Chapter to in any way discriminate against, regulate, or interfere with the publication, circulation, distribution, or dissemination of any printed material that is constitutionally protected. Sec. 21-161. Definitions. As used in this Chapter, unless the context otherwise clearly indicates: (a) Block means one (1) side of a street between two (2) consecutive intersecting streets. (b) Chief of Police means the Chief of Police of the City of Wheat Ridge, or his or her designee. (c) Condominium newsrack means a newsrack which is designed and constructed to house two or more newspapers or other periodicals, each of which is separately permitted under the provisions of this Article. (d) Distributor means the person responsible for placing and maintaining a newsrack in a public right-of-way. (e) Explicit sexual acts means depictions of sexual intercourse, oral copulation, anal intercourse, oral-anal copulation, bestiality, sadism, masochism, or excretory functions in conjunction with sexual activity, masturbation, or lewd exhibition of genitals; whether any of the above conduct is depicted or described as being performed alone or between members of the same or opposite sex or between humans and animals, or other acts of sexual arousal involving any physical contact with a person's genitals, pubic hair, perineum, anus or anal region (f) Newsrack means any self-service or coin-operated box, container, storage unit or other dispenser installed, used, or maintained for the display and sale of newspapers or other periodicals. CNB\53027\406242.05 4 (g) Obscene means material which depicts or describes sexual conduct that is objectionable or offensive to accepted standards of decency which the average person, applying contemporary community standards would find, taken as a whole, appeals to prurient interests; or material which depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable State law, and taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. (h) Parkway means the area between the sidewalk and the curb of any street, and where there is no sidewalk, the area between the edge of the roadway and the property line adjacent thereto. Parkway shall also include any area within a roadway that is not open to vehicular travel. (i) Person means any person or persons, or entity including, but not limited to, a corporation, partnership, unincorporated association or joint venture. (j) Pictorial material means any material suggesting or conveying a visual image, and includes, but is not limited to, a photograph, painting or drawing. Any pictorial material is "obscene" if all of the following apply: (1) The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that it appeals to prurient interests when the publication or material is considered as a whole, and (2) It depicts, describes or represents in a patently offensive manner, sexual behavior as defined in Section 21-161 {I}; and (3) It lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value when the publication or material is considered as a whole. (k) Roadway means that portion of a street improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel (I) Sexual arousal, gratification or affront when used in this Chapter to state the purpose or effect of statements, words, pictures or illustrations means depictions of the following subjects or acts: (1) Sexual intercourse, oral copulation, anal intercourse, oral-anal contact, bestiality, direct physical stimulation of genitals, flagellation or torture in the context of a sexual relationship, or any of the following depicted sexually oriented acts or conduct: anilingus, buggery, coprolagnia, coprophagy, coprophilia, cunnilingus, fellatio, necrophilia, pederasty, pedophilia, piquerism, sapphism, zoo era sty; or (2) Human genitals in a state of sexual, stimulation, arousal, or tumescence; or CNB\53027\406242.05 5 (3) Use of human or animal masturbation sodomy, oral copulation, coitus, ejaculation; or (4) Fondling or touching of human genitals, pubic region, buttock, or female breast; or (5) Masochism, erotic or sexually-oriented torture, beating or the infliction of pain; or (6) Erotic or lewd touching, fondling or other contact with an animal by a human being; or (7) Human excretion, urination menstruation, vaginal or anal irrigation. (m) Sexual behavior means the patently offensive representation, depiction or description of any of the following: (1) Ultimate sexual acts, actual or simulated, including vaginal intercourse between a male and a female, and anal intercourse, fellatio and cunnilingus between persons regardless of gender. (2) Masturbation, excretory functions and lewd exhibition of the genitals. (3) The actual or simulated infliction of pain by one individual upon another, or by an individual upon himself, for the purpose of the sexual gratification or release of either individual, as a result of flagellation, beating, striking or touching of an erogenous zone, including without limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock, pubic region, or, if such person is a female, a breast. (4) Ultimate sexual acts, actual or simulated, between a human being and an animal. (n) Sidewalk means any surface provided for the exclusive use of pedestrians. (0) Street means all the area dedicated to public use for public street purposes and shall include, but not be limited to, roadways, parkways, alleys and sidewalks. (p) Treasurer means the Treasurer of the City of Wheat Ridge, or his or her designee. (q) Treasurer's Office means the Office of the Treasurer of the City of Wheat Ridge. CNB\53027\406242 05 6 Sec. 21-162. Unlawful Acts. (a) No person shall install, use, or maintain any newsrack which projects onto, into, or which rests, wholly or in part, upon the roadway of any public street. (b) No person shall install, use, or maintain any newsrack which in whole or in part rests upon, in, or over any public sidewalk or parkway: (1) when such installation, use, or maintenance endangers the safety of persons or property; (2) when such site or location is used for public utility purposes, public transportation purposes, or other governmental use; (3) when such newsrack unreasonably interferes with or impedes the flow of pedestrian or vehicular traffic, including parked or stopped vehicles; the ingress in or egress from any residence or place of business; the use of poles, posts, traffic signs or signals, hydrants, mailboxes, or other objects permitted at or near said location; (4) when such newsrack interferes with the cleaning of any sidewalk by the use of mechanical sidewalk cleaning machinery; or (5) in any other manner inconsistent with or in violation of the provisions of this Chapter. Sec. 21-163. Permit Required. It shall be unlawful for any person to erect, place, maintain or operate any newsrack on any public street or sidewalk, or in any other public way or place within the City, without first having obtained a permit from the Treasurer's Office specifying the exact location of such newsrack, In the case of a condominium newsrack, a permit must be obtained for each space within the newsrack in addition to the permit issued for the condominium newsrack itself. One permit may be issued to include any number of newsracks at specific locations, and shall be signed by the applicant. Sec. 21-164, Application for Permit. (a) Application for such permit shall be made, in writing, to the Treasurer's Office upon such form as shall be provided by the Treasurer, and shall contain the name and address of the applicant, the proposed specific location of the newsrack(s), and shall be signed by the applicant. (b) Upon submission of a complete application, the Treasurer shall forward the application to the Animal Parks Code Enforcement Division of the Wheat Ridge CNB\53027\406242.05 7 Police Department, which office shall cause an inspection of the proposed newsrack location to be made and shall provide to the Treasurer written recommendation of approval or disapproval, based upon the criteria set forth in this Chapter. (c) A decision shall be made by the Treasurer to grant or deny a permit application within five (5) days (excluding Saturday, Sunday and legal holidays) of the date the application was filed, (d) Based upon the application information received, the prOVISions of this Chapter and the written recommendation of the Animal Parks Code Enforcement Division, the Treasurer shall grant or deny the permit application and provide the applicant with written notice of such decision. In any case where a denial is based upon the particular proposed location of a newsrack, such denial shall be without prejudice to an application submitted by the same applicant for a different location or locations. Sec. 21-165. Conditions for Permit. (a) Permits issued for the installation of a newsrack or newsracks shall be conditioned upon the conformance of such newsrack(s) with the provisions of this Chapter, (b) Before the issuance of a permit, the applicant must pay a Newsrack Permit Fee, as set forth on the City Business Licensee Fee Schedule and as may be administratively amended from time to time by the Treasurer's Office. (c) Without limiting the Treasurer's authority to establish and amend the schedule of Newsrack Permit Fees, the Treasurer is specifically authorized to establish a one-time multiple-location permit fee to allow a distributor to pay one permit fee to place and maintain an unlimited number of newsracks within the City. Sec. 21-166. Term of Permit. (a) Such permits shall be valid for three (3) years and shall be renewable pursuant to the procedure for original applications referred to in Section 21-164 and upon payment of the Newsrack Permit Fee. Sec. 21-167. Hold Harmless. Every owner of a newsrack who places or maintains a newsrack on any street or other public way or place within the City shall file a written statement with the Treasurer's Office, in a form satisfactory to the City Attorney, whereby such owner agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the City, its officers, and employees, from any loss, liability, or damage, including expenses and costs, for bodily or personal injury, and for property damage sustained by any person as a CNB\53027\406242.05 8 result of the installation, use and/or maintenance of the newsrack(s) within the City, Sec. 21-168. Newsrack Identification Required. Every person who places or maintains a newsrack on any street or other public way within the City shall have his permit number, name, address and telephone number affixed to the newsrack in a place where such information may be easily seen Condominium newsracks shall have affixed to them in the same manner, only the name, address and telephone number of the person responsible for the maintenance of the condominium newsrack, regardless of the number of permitees actually occupying said condominium newsrack. Prior to the designation of location by the Treasurer, under Section 21-169 herein, the registrant shall present evidence of compliance with this Section. Sec. 21-169. Location, Placement, and Number of Newsracks. (a) Any newsrack which rests in whole or in part upon, or on any portion of a public right-of-way or which projects onto, into, or over any part of a public right- of-way shall be located in accordance with the following provisions of this Section: (1) No newsrack shall be used or maintained which projects onto, into, or over any part of the roadway of any public street, or which rests, wholly or in part upon, along, or over any portion of the roadway of any public street. (2) No newsrack shall be chained, bolted, or otherwise attached to any fixture located in the public right-of-way, except to other newsracks. (3) Newsracks may be placed next to each other, provided that no group of individual newsracks shall extend for a distance of more than eight (8) feet along a curb, and a space of not less than three (3) feet shall separate each group of newsracks, (4) No newsrack shall be placed, installed, used or maintained: (i) Within five (5) feet of any marked crosswalk, (ii) unmarked crosswalk. Within fifteen (15) feet of the curb return of any (iii) Within five (5) feet of any fire hydrant, fire call box, police call box or other emergency facility. (iv) Within five (5) feet of any driveway. CNB\53027\406242.05 9 (v) Within three (3) feet ahead or twenty-five (25) feet to the rear of any sign marking a designated bus stop. (vi) Within five (5) feet of the outer end of any bus bench. (vii) At any location whereby the clear space for the passageway of pedestrians is reduced to less than six (6) feet. (viii) Within three (3) feet of or on any public area improved with lawn, flowers, shrubs, trees or other landscaping, or within three (3) feet of any display window of any building abutting the sidewalk or parkway or in such a manner as to impede or interfere with the reasonable use of such window for display purposes. (ix) Within one hundred (100) feet of any other newsrack on the same side of the street in the same block containing the same issue or edition of the same publication. (x) On any access ramp for disabled persons. (5) No more than eight (8) individual newsracks, spaces within condominium newsracks or combination thereof shall be located on any public right-of-way within a space of two hundred (200) feet in any direction within the same block of the same street; provided, however, that no more than sixteen (16) individual newsracks, spaces within condominium newsracks or combination thereof shall be allowed on anyone block, (6) Permits shall be issued on a first-come, first-served basis. (7) The director of planning and development is authorized to promulgate regulations concerning the placement of newsracks within Streetscape Overlay Districts, as defined by Chapter 26 of the Code, to implement the purpose, intent and standards set forth in this Article in such districts. The requirements of such regulations shall be as least as restrictive as those set forth in this Article and, in the event of a conflict between the provisions of said regulations and this Article, the terms of this Article shall govern Such regulations shall be made a part of the "Wheat Ridge Streetscape and Architectural Design Manual," and may be amended and updated from time to time by the director of planning and development, Sec. 21-170. Standards for Maintenance and Installation. Any newsrack which in whole or in part rests upon, In or over any public sidewalk or parkway, shall comply with the following standards: CNB\53027\40624205 10 (a) No newsrack shall exceed fifty-seven (57) inches in height, thirty (30) inches in width, or twenty-four (24) inches in depth, except that Condominium newsracks shall not exceed seventy-two (72) inches in width. (b) No news rack shall be used for advertising signs or publicity purposes other than that dealing with the display, sale, or purchase of the newspaper or news periodical sold therein. (c) Each newsrack shall be equipped with a coin-return mechanism to permit a person using the machine to secure an immediate refund in the event the person is unable to receive the paid for publication. The coin-return mechanism shall be maintained in good working order. (d) Each news rack shall have affixed to it in a readily visible place so as to be seen by anyone using the newsrack, a notice setting forth the name and address of the distributor and the telephone number of a working telephone service to call to report a malfunction, or to secure a refund in the event of a malfunction of the coin-return mechanism, or to give the notices provided for in this Chapter. (e) Each newsrack shall be maintained in a neat and clean condition and in good repair at all times. Specifically, but without limiting the generality of the foregoing, each newsrack shall be serviced and maintained so that: (1) It is reasonably free of dirt and grease, (2) It is reasonably free of chipped, faded, peeling and cracked paint in the visible painted areas thereof, (3) It is reasonably free of rust and corrosion In the visible unpainted metal areas thereon; (4) The clear plastic or glass parts thereof, if any, through which the publications therein are viewed are unbroken and reasonably free of cracks, dents, blemishes and discoloration; (5) The paper or cardboard parts or inserts thereof are reasonably free of tears, peeling or fading, (6) The structural parts thereof are not broken or unduly misshapen; and (7) It is free from graffiti, unwanted paint or other unwanted markings. If the graffiti, unwanted paint or other unwanted markings cannot be removed or painted over to the satisfaction of the City, as determined by the sole discretion of an officer of the Animal Parks Code CNB\53027\406242.05 11 Enforcement Division of the Wheat Ridge Police Department, the newsrack shall be replaced. Sec. 21-171. Display of Certain Matter Prohibited. Publications offered for sale from newsracks placed or maintained on or projecting over the street or sidewalk shall not be displayed or exhibited in a manner which exposes to public view from the street or sidewalk any of the following: (a) Any publication or material which exposes to public view any pictorial material that is obscene; (b) Any statements or words describing explicit sexual acts, sexual organs, or excrement where such statements or words have as their purpose or effect sexual arousal, gratification, or affront; (c) Any picture or illustration of a person's genitals, pubic hair, perineum, anus, or anal region where such picture or illustration has as its purpose or effect sexual arousal, gratification, or affront; or (d) Any picture or illustration depicting explicit sexual acts as defined in this Chapter where such picture or illustration has as its purpose or effect sexual arousal, gratification, or affront. Sec. 21-172. Violations; Penalty. (a) Upon determination by the Chief of Police that a newsrack has been installed, used or maintained in violation of the provisions of this Chapter, an order to correct the offending condition shall be issued to the distributor of the newsrack. Such order shall be telephoned to the distributor and confirmed by mailing a copy of the order by certified mail return receipt requested. The order shall specifically describe the offending condition, suggest actions necessary to correct the condition, and inform the newsrack distributor of the right to appeal. Failure to properly correct the offending condition within ten (10) days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays) of the mailing date of the order if the return receipt is returned to the City unsigned or within five (5) days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays) of receipt of the order as indicated on a signed return receipt, shall result in the offending news rack being summarily removed and processed as unclaimed property. If the offending news rack is not properly identified as to owner under the provisions of Section 21 -1 68 hereof, it shall be removed immediately and processed as unclaimed property. An impound fee, which shall be measured by the City's cost and expense of impounding, shall be assessed against each newsrack summarily removed, The Chief of Police shall cause inspection to be made of the corrected condition or of a newsrack reinstalled CNB\53027\406242.05 12 after removal under this Section. The distributor of said newsrack shall be charged a Newsrack Inspection Fee, as set forth in the City Business Licensee Fee Schedule and as may be administratively amended from time to time by the Treasurer's Office, This fee shall be in addition to all other fees and charges required under this Chapter. (b) Any person who commits an unlawful act, as defined by this Chapter, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be subject to the penalties set forth in Section 1-5 of this Code. The City may pursue this remedy in addition to any removal procedure instituted pursuant to subsection (a) above, it being the intent of this Chapter that the remedies provided herein are cumulative, Sec. 21-173. Appeals. Any person or entity aggrieved by a finding, determination, notice, order or action taken under the provisions of this Chapter may appeal and shall be appraised of his right to appeal to the Chief of Police. An appeal must be perfected within three (3) days after receipt of notice of any protested decision or action by filing with the Office of the Chief of Police a letter of appeal briefly stating therein the basis for such appeal. A hearing shall be held on a date not more than ten (10) days after receipt of the letter of appeal. The appellant shall be given at least five (5) days notice of the time and place of the hearing The Chief of Police shall give the appellant, and any other interested party, a reasonable opportunity to be heard, in order to show cause why the determination of the Treasurer should not be upheld. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Chief of Police shall make a final and conclusive decision. This decision shall be immediately appealable to a court of competent jurisdiction. Sec. 21-174. Abandonment. In the event that a newsrack remains empty for a period of thirty (30) continuous days, the same shall be deemed abandoned, and may be treated in the manner as provided in Section 21-172 for newsracks in violation of the provisions of this Chapter Sec. 21-175. Compliance period. (a) On the adoption date of this Ordinance No. , there exist within the City newsracks within the public rights-of-way. These news racks were not regulated prior to the adoption of this Ordinance No. and may continue to exist and operate within the City after the adoption date of said ordinance only if they comply with the provisions of this Ordinance No. within the time allotted under this Section 21-175 and comply with all other provisions of the Code of Laws of the City of Wheat Ridge CNB\53027\406242.05 13 (b) Unregulated newsracks that exist within public rights-of-way within the City as of the adoption date of Ordinance No. 1253 may continue to exist and operate within said rights-of-way if they comply with the provisions of this Chapter within three (3) months of the adoption date of Ordinance No. 1253 . Failure to comply with the requirements of this ordinance and Chapter within this three (3) month compliance period shall render such news racks unlawful and subject the newsrack and its Distributor to the penalties provided in Section 21-172 herein. Sees. 21-176 - 21-180. Reserved. Section 2. Severabilitv: ConflictinQ Ordinances Repealed. If any section, subsection or clause of this ordinance shall be deemed to be unconstitutional or otherwise invalid, the validity of the remaining sections, subsections and clauses shall not be affected thereby. All other ordinances or parts of ordinances in conflict with the provisions of this ordinance are hereby repealed, Section 3. Effective Date. This ordinance shall take effect immediately upon final adoption, as authorized by Section 5.11 of the Charter. INTRODUCED, READ, AND ADOPTED on first reading by a vote of 8 to 0 on this 24th day of June, 2002, ordered published in full in a newspaper of general circulation in the City of Wheat Ridge and Public Hearing and consideration on final passage set for July 8, 2002, at 7'00 o'clock p.m., in the Council Chambers, 7500 West 29th Avenue, Wheat Ridge, Colorado. READ, ADOPTED AS AMENDED AND ORDERED PUBLISHED on second and final reading by a vote of 6 to 2, this 8th day of July, 2002. SIGNED by the Mayor on this 12th day of July -cz ATTEST: (1 ~J2$J?L-7~ Wanda Sang, City C ~-1iIJ{dJ~ Gerald E. Dahl, City Attorney CNB\53027\406242.05 14 First Publication: June 27. 2002 Second Publication: T111 y 1 R, ?OO? Wheat Ridge Transcript: Effective Date: July 8, 2002 CNB\53027\406242.05 15